Isigaba sesi-3 – Iqondwa kanjani incazelo “yebanga le-creepage”
ibanga le-creepage: ibanga elifushane kakhulu endaweni yokufakwa phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili ze-conductive noma phakathi kwengxenye ye-conductive nendawo efinyelelekayo.
Izinkokhelo zingasakazwa ngendlela eqondisayo emoyeni, ngaleyo ndlela zenze umsinga. Lona incazelo yokukhishwa. Izindleko zingase futhi zisakaze ngokusebenzisa impahla yokuvikela uqobo, ngoba akukho mpahla evalwe ngokuphelele. Umehluko wamanje owakheke phakathi kwama-electrode amabili lapho ama-electrode amabili anamandla ahlukene esetshenziswa ezinhlangothini ezimbili zephepha elivamile lokunyathelisa i-A4 futhi ezinhlangothini ezimbili zezinto zenjoloba ezinyathela ngo-2mm mkhulu kakhulu. Amanani angabuye asakazwe ngendlela eqondisayo eduze kobuso bezinto ezivikelayo. Umphumela wokusabalalisa ukushaja ebusweni bezinto ezahlukene nazo uhlukile. Uma ezinye izinto (ukungcola) zinamathele ebusweni bezinto zokuvikela, umphumela wokusabalalisa ukushaja nawo uhlukile. Ukuze uvimbele ukukhokhiswa ukuthi kungasakazeki ebusweni bezinto zokuvikela futhi kubangele ukushaqeka kukagesi, incazelo kanye nezidingo zebanga le-creepage ziyakhiqizwa. Ukusabalalisa inkokhiso ngendikimba yempahla evikelayo kudala izidingo zokuvikela eziqinile ezishiwo endimeni yokuqala yesigaba somthetho 29. Isigaba somthetho 29.2 sinikeza izidingo zebanga elikhuphukayo.
Incazelo yebanga le-creepage ivela ku-IEC 60664-1:2020 ejwayelekile. Njengoba sidinga ukuchaza ibanga le-creepage, kufanele sibonise izithombe zomfanekiso 4 ukuze sithole u-14 ku-IEC 60664-1:2020 ejwayelekile. Lapha, abafundi kudingeka bacabangele ngokucophelela indlela yokunquma “X mm”. Uma kune-groove endleleni eyakha ibanga le-creepage, kuyoba nesimo se-groove yebhuloho. Mina ngokwami ngicabanga ukuthi isizathu esiyinhloko sokuvala ibhuloho ukufakwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo emseleni. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo ngokuyinhloko ziwuthuli, futhi uthuli olumanzi luyasiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukukopisha umbhalo wokuqala wezinga, kukhona okucatshangwayo okuthathu okulandelayo:
– Lapho ibanga elinqamula umsele lingaphansi kobubanzi obushiwo u-X (bona Ithebula 1), ibanga le-creepage likalwa ngokuqondile emseleni futhi akunaki ukujijeka komsele (bona Umfanekiso 4).
– lapho ibanga elinqamula umsele lilingana noma likhulu kunobubanzi obushiwo X (bona Ithebula 1), ibanga lokuqhekeka liyalinganiswa ngokuhambisana nemisele (bona Umfanekiso 5);
– noma iyiphi ikhefu kucatshangwa ukuthi ihlanganiswe nesixhumanisi esivikelayo esinobude obulingana nobubanzi obushiwo X futhi ibekwe endaweni engathandeki kakhulu (bona Umfanekiso 6);
– ukucaciswa namabanga anyakazayo akalwa phakathi kwezingxenye ezingathatha izikhundla ezihlukene ngokuhlobene nezinye, kukalwa lapho lezi zingxenye zisesimweni esingesihle neze.
Umfanekiso 4 – ngaphesheya komsele
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa imisele ehambisanayo noma eguquguqukayo yanoma yikuphi ukujula nobubanzi obungaphansi kuka-X mm.
Umthetho: Ibanga lokusula kanye ne-creepage likalwa ngokuqondile emseleni njengoba kukhonjisiwe.
Umfanekiso 5 – I-Contour of the groove
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa igroove emaceleni ahambisanayo yanoma yikuphi ukujula futhi elingana noma ngaphezulu kuka-X mm.
Umthetho: Ukusula ibanga “lokubona”. Umzila we-creepage ulandela umphetho womsele.
Umfanekiso 6 – Ikhonkolo ye-groove ene-engeli
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa igroove emise okwe-V enobubanzi obukhulu kuno-X mm.
Umthetho: Ukusula ibanga “lokubona”. Umzila we-creepage ulandela umphetho we-groove kodwa umboza phansi kwe-groove ngesixhumanisi sokuvikela u-X mm.
Umfanekiso 7 – I-Contour of rib
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa ubambo.
Umthetho: I- clearance iyindlela emfushane yomoya eqondile ngaphezulu kombambo. Umzila we-creepage ulandela umphetho wombambo.
Umfanekiso 8– Ihlangano engafakwanga uncement enemijondolo engaphansi kuka-X
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa ilunga elingasementi elinemifantu engaphansi kuka-X mm ububanzi ohlangothini ngalunye.
Umthetho: Indlela yokusula kanye ne-creepage ibanga “lokubona” elibonisiwe.
Umfanekiso 9 – Ilunga elingasementwe elinemifantu elingana noma ngaphezulu kuka-X
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa ilunga elingasementwe elinemifantu elingana noma ngaphezulu kuka-X mm ububanzi ohlangothini ngalunye.
Umthetho: Ukusula ibanga “lokubona”. Umzila we-Creepage ulandela i-contour ye-grooves.
Umfanekiso 10 – Ilunga elingafakwanga uncement elinegroove ohlangothini olulodwa ngaphansi kuka-X
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa ilunga elingasementwe elinegroove ohlangothini olulodwa ngaphansi kuka-X mm ububanzi kanye nenkundla ngakolunye uhlangothi elingana noma ngaphezulu kuka-X mm ububanzi.
Umthetho: Indawo yokususwa kanye ne-creepage njengoba kukhonjisiwe.
Umfanekiso 11 – Ibanga lokukhula kanye nokuvunyelwa ngejoyinti elingafakwa usemende
Isimo: Ibanga elivulekayo ngejoyinti elingafakwanga lincane kunebanga le-creepage phezu kwe
isithiyo kodwa singaphezu kokuvunyelwa ngaphezulu kwesivimbelo.
Umthetho: Ukusula kuyindlela emfushane yomoya eqondile ngaphezulu kwesithiyo.
Umfanekiso 12 – Ibanga elivulekayo kanye nokucaciswa kwekhanda lesikulufu elingaphezu kuka-X
Igebe phakathi kwekhanda lesikulufu nodonga lwekhefu libanzi ngokwanele ukuba licatshangelwe.
Umfanekiso 13 – Ibanga elivulekayo kanye nokuvunyelwa ukuya ekhanda lesikulufu esingaphansi kuka-X
Igebe phakathi kwekhanda lesikulufu nodonga lwekhefu lincane kakhulu ukuthi lingacatshangwa.
Isilinganiso sebanga le-creepage sisuka enhlokweni yesikulufu kuya odongeni uma ibanga lilingana no-X mm.
Umfanekiso 14 – Ibanga elivulekayo kanye nokuvunyelwa ngengxenye entantayo ehambisayo
C: Ingxenye entantayo ye-conductive
Ukusula ibanga = d + D
Ibanga le-Creepage nalo = d + D
QAPHELA Bheka Ithebula F.2 ukuthola ubuncane bokuvunyelwa d of D.
I-Dimension X, ecaciswe ezibonelweni ezilandelayo, inenani elincane kuye ngedigri yokungcola ngendlela elandelayo:
Ithebula 1 – Ubukhulu bemigodi
Uma imfuneko ehambisanayo yokususa ingaphansi kuka-3 mm, ubuncane bobukhulu bobukhulu X bungase buncishiswe bube ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yokuvunyelwa okuhlobene.
Masithathe isibonelo ukukhombisa indlela yokubala inani elithi “X mm”. Uma ukala umzila ongu-5 mm bese uthola inkaba endleleni, uthatha idigri yokungcola engu-3, ngokusekelwe etafuleni elingenhla, bese u-X = 1,5 mm (kucatshangelwa izinga lokungcola). Uma ibanga olikalayo lingu-2,7 mm, bese kuthi u-X = 2,7 mm/3 = 0,9 mm.
Ake sichaze isibonelo se-11 ngokwehlukana. Isithombe esingenhla sivela enguqulweni ye-IEC 60664-1:2007. Uma abafundi behlola isithombe ngokucophelela, bazothola ukuthi kuphela uma u-d no-gt;X, imvume iyibanga = d + D iyiqiniso, ngaphandle kwalokho, imvume ingu-D. Imithetho yokubala ka-D no-d iyafana. Kodwa-ke, sidinga ukukhomba ukuthi, empeleni, lokhu kuyiphutha, futhi izinga linikeza imfuneko engalungile. Inguqulo ye-IEC 60664-1:2020 yezinga ililungisile leli phutha.
Imithetho ye- creepage distance iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunaleyo yokugunyazwa, futhi izidingo ezisesigatshaneni sama-29 nazo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Mayelana nebanga le-creepage, ngicabanga ukuthi uma abafundi bengakwazi ukuqonda ulwazi olungenhla, kwanele ukusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezindinganiso ze-IEC 60335. Izidingo zebanga lokukhuphuka esigatshaneni 29.2 zizokwethulwa ngokuningiliziwe lapho kwethulwa isigatshana 29.2.
Izinkokhelo zingasakazwa ngendlela eqondisayo emoyeni, ngaleyo ndlela zenze umsinga. Lona incazelo yokukhishwa. Izindleko zingase futhi zisakaze ngokusebenzisa impahla yokuvikela uqobo, ngoba akukho mpahla evalwe ngokuphelele. Umehluko wamanje owakheke phakathi kwama-electrode amabili lapho ama-electrode amabili anamandla ahlukene esetshenziswa ezinhlangothini ezimbili zephepha elivamile lokunyathelisa i-A4 futhi ezinhlangothini ezimbili zezinto zenjoloba ezinyathela ngo-2mm mkhulu kakhulu. Amanani angabuye asakazwe ngendlela eqondisayo eduze kobuso bezinto ezivikelayo. Umphumela wokusabalalisa ukushaja ebusweni bezinto ezahlukene nazo uhlukile. Uma ezinye izinto (ukungcola) zinamathele ebusweni bezinto zokuvikela, umphumela wokusabalalisa ukushaja nawo uhlukile. Ukuze uvimbele ukukhokhiswa ukuthi kungasakazeki ebusweni bezinto zokuvikela futhi kubangele ukushaqeka kukagesi, incazelo kanye nezidingo zebanga le-creepage ziyakhiqizwa. Ukusabalalisa inkokhiso ngendikimba yempahla evikelayo kudala izidingo zokuvikela eziqinile ezishiwo endimeni yokuqala yesigaba somthetho 29. Isigaba somthetho 29.2 sinikeza izidingo zebanga elikhuphukayo.
Incazelo yebanga le-creepage ivela ku-IEC 60664-1:2020 ejwayelekile. Njengoba sidinga ukuchaza ibanga le-creepage, kufanele sibonise izithombe zomfanekiso 4 ukuze sithole u-14 ku-IEC 60664-1:2020 ejwayelekile. Lapha, abafundi kudingeka bacabangele ngokucophelela indlela yokunquma “X mm”. Uma kune-groove endleleni eyakha ibanga le-creepage, kuyoba nesimo se-groove yebhuloho. Mina ngokwami ngicabanga ukuthi isizathu esiyinhloko sokuvala ibhuloho ukufakwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo emseleni. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo ngokuyinhloko ziwuthuli, futhi uthuli olumanzi luyasiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukukopisha umbhalo wokuqala wezinga, kukhona okucatshangwayo okuthathu okulandelayo:
– Lapho ibanga elinqamula umsele lingaphansi kobubanzi obushiwo u-X (bona Ithebula 1), ibanga le-creepage likalwa ngokuqondile emseleni futhi akunaki ukujijeka komsele (bona Umfanekiso 4).
– lapho ibanga elinqamula umsele lilingana noma likhulu kunobubanzi obushiwo X (bona Ithebula 1), ibanga lokuqhekeka liyalinganiswa ngokuhambisana nemisele (bona Umfanekiso 5);
– noma iyiphi ikhefu kucatshangwa ukuthi ihlanganiswe nesixhumanisi esivikelayo esinobude obulingana nobubanzi obushiwo X futhi ibekwe endaweni engathandeki kakhulu (bona Umfanekiso 6);
– ukucaciswa namabanga anyakazayo akalwa phakathi kwezingxenye ezingathatha izikhundla ezihlukene ngokuhlobene nezinye, kukalwa lapho lezi zingxenye zisesimweni esingesihle neze.
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa imisele ehambisanayo noma eguquguqukayo yanoma yikuphi ukujula nobubanzi obungaphansi kuka-X mm.
Umthetho: Ibanga lokusula kanye ne-creepage likalwa ngokuqondile emseleni njengoba kukhonjisiwe.
Ukusula
Ibanga le-Creepage
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa igroove emaceleni ahambisanayo yanoma yikuphi ukujula futhi elingana noma ngaphezulu kuka-X mm.
Umthetho: Ukusula ibanga “lokubona”. Umzila we-creepage ulandela umphetho womsele.
Ukusula
Ibanga le-Creepage
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa igroove emise okwe-V enobubanzi obukhulu kuno-X mm.
Umthetho: Ukusula ibanga “lokubona”. Umzila we-creepage ulandela umphetho we-groove kodwa umboza phansi kwe-groove ngesixhumanisi sokuvikela u-X mm.
Ukusula
Ibanga le-Creepage
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa ubambo.
Umthetho: I- clearance iyindlela emfushane yomoya eqondile ngaphezulu kombambo. Umzila we-creepage ulandela umphetho wombambo.
Ukusula
Ibanga le-Creepage
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa ilunga elingasementi elinemifantu engaphansi kuka-X mm ububanzi ohlangothini ngalunye.
Umthetho: Indlela yokusula kanye ne-creepage ibanga “lokubona” elibonisiwe.
Ukusula
Ibanga le-Creepage
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa ilunga elingasementwe elinemifantu elingana noma ngaphezulu kuka-X mm ububanzi ohlangothini ngalunye.
Umthetho: Ukusula ibanga “lokubona”. Umzila we-Creepage ulandela i-contour ye-grooves.
Ukusula
Ibanga le-Creepage
Isimo: Indlela ecatshangelwayo ihlanganisa ilunga elingasementwe elinegroove ohlangothini olulodwa ngaphansi kuka-X mm ububanzi kanye nenkundla ngakolunye uhlangothi elingana noma ngaphezulu kuka-X mm ububanzi.
Umthetho: Indawo yokususwa kanye ne-creepage njengoba kukhonjisiwe.
Ukusula
Ibanga le-Creepage
Isimo: Ibanga elivulekayo ngejoyinti elingafakwanga lincane kunebanga le-creepage phezu kwe
isithiyo kodwa singaphezu kokuvunyelwa ngaphezulu kwesivimbelo.
Umthetho: Ukusula kuyindlela emfushane yomoya eqondile ngaphezulu kwesithiyo.
Ukusula
Ibanga le-Creepage
Igebe phakathi kwekhanda lesikulufu nodonga lwekhefu libanzi ngokwanele ukuba licatshangelwe.
Ukusula
Ibanga le-Creepage
Igebe phakathi kwekhanda lesikulufu nodonga lwekhefu lincane kakhulu ukuthi lingacatshangwa.
Isilinganiso sebanga le-creepage sisuka enhlokweni yesikulufu kuya odongeni uma ibanga lilingana no-X mm.
Ukusula
Ibanga le-Creepage
C: Ingxenye entantayo ye-conductive
Ukusula ibanga = d + D
Ibanga le-Creepage nalo = d + D
QAPHELA Bheka Ithebula F.2 ukuthola ubuncane bokuvunyelwa d of D.
Ukusula
Ibanga le-Creepage
I-Dimension X, ecaciswe ezibonelweni ezilandelayo, inenani elincane kuye ngedigri yokungcola ngendlela elandelayo:
| iziqu zokungcola | Inani eliphansi le-Dimension X |
| 1 | 0,25 mm |
| 2 | 1,0 mm |
| 3 | 1,5 mm |
Uma imfuneko ehambisanayo yokususa ingaphansi kuka-3 mm, ubuncane bobukhulu bobukhulu X bungase buncishiswe bube ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yokuvunyelwa okuhlobene.
Masithathe isibonelo ukukhombisa indlela yokubala inani elithi “X mm”. Uma ukala umzila ongu-5 mm bese uthola inkaba endleleni, uthatha idigri yokungcola engu-3, ngokusekelwe etafuleni elingenhla, bese u-X = 1,5 mm (kucatshangelwa izinga lokungcola). Uma ibanga olikalayo lingu-2,7 mm, bese kuthi u-X = 2,7 mm/3 = 0,9 mm.
Ake sichaze isibonelo se-11 ngokwehlukana. Isithombe esingenhla sivela enguqulweni ye-IEC 60664-1:2007. Uma abafundi behlola isithombe ngokucophelela, bazothola ukuthi kuphela uma u-d no-gt;X, imvume iyibanga = d + D iyiqiniso, ngaphandle kwalokho, imvume ingu-D. Imithetho yokubala ka-D no-d iyafana. Kodwa-ke, sidinga ukukhomba ukuthi, empeleni, lokhu kuyiphutha, futhi izinga linikeza imfuneko engalungile. Inguqulo ye-IEC 60664-1:2020 yezinga ililungisile leli phutha.
Imithetho ye- creepage distance iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunaleyo yokugunyazwa, futhi izidingo ezisesigatshaneni sama-29 nazo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Mayelana nebanga le-creepage, ngicabanga ukuthi uma abafundi bengakwazi ukuqonda ulwazi olungenhla, kwanele ukusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezindinganiso ze-IEC 60335. Izidingo zebanga lokukhuphuka esigatshaneni 29.2 zizokwethulwa ngokuningiliziwe lapho kwethulwa isigatshana 29.2.